Sources
Sources and licences
Last updated 9 October 2026
Every reading is built from public satellite and open data. The data belongs to the people who publish it; what TERRA adds is the reading. Below is each source, who holds it, and the licence it is used under. Every reading also names the sources it drew on, and which of them were silent.
Some sources are read only where they apply, such as the Amazon basin or Costa Rica, or only where this deployment holds a key for them.
01Credits
When you publish or share a reading, keep these lines with it.
- Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data, 2015 to the present.
- Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information (ERA5).
- Weather and climate data by Open-Meteo.com, CC-BY 4.0.
- Climate projections for 2050 and today's mean temperature from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (CMIP6, 28 models, and the ERA5 1991–2020 normal; CC BY 4.0). We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which coordinated CMIP6, and the modelling groups that produced its output.
- Rainfall from CHIRPS v3, Climate Hazards Center, UC Santa Barbara (doi:10.15780/G2JQ0P), CC BY 4.0; Funk et al. 2026, Scientific Data 13:718.
- © OpenStreetMap contributors, available under the Open Database Licence.
- Photographs on the Who it's for pages, cropped and colour-graded: Outward Bound Costa Rica, Julia Mayo, Elianna Gill, Vitor Monthay and Ana Lorena, Unsplash License; Neil Palmer, CIAT, CC BY-SA 2.0.
- Plus the credit of each source a reading names, as listed below.
02Reading the land · 53 sources
- Place · OpenStreetMap / Nominatim
OpenStreetMap contributors
ODbL 1.0
live
- Terrain · AWS Terrarium (Mapzen)
Mapzen / AWS Open Data
Open (attribution)
2017
- Climate · Open-Meteo
Open-Meteo (ERA5 archive)
CC-BY 4.0 (data); non-commercial API tier
2004–2024
- Climate 2050 · World Bank CCKP
World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal
CC BY 4.0 (CMIP6 models; credit the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal)
2040–2059 against 1995–2014
- Temperature today · World Bank CCKP (ERA5)
World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis)
CC BY 4.0 (World Bank CCKP); contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information
1991–2020
- Rainfall · CHIRPS v3
Climate Hazards Center, UC Santa Barbara
CC BY 4.0 (doi:10.15780/G2JQ0P)
2004–2024
- Soil · ISRIC SoilGrids v2
ISRIC · World Soil Information
CC-BY 4.0
2020
- Land cover · ESA WorldCover
ESA / Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data
CC-BY 4.0 (commercial promotion: notify due@esa.int)
2021
- Water, roads & protected areas · OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap contributors
ODbL 1.0
live
- Biodiversity · GBIF
GBIF.org
Mixed CC0 / CC-BY / CC-BY-NC (per dataset)
live
- Surface water · JRC Global Surface Water
EC JRC / Google (Copernicus)
Copernicus / open (attribution)
1984–2021
- Active fire · NASA FIRMS
NASA LANCE / MODAPS
NASA open data
live
- Deforestation alerts · Global Forest Watch
UMD GLAD / WUR RADD via GFW
CC-BY 4.0
rolling
- Tree plantations · GFW Spatial Database of Planted Trees
World Resources Institute / Global Forest Watch
CC-BY 4.0
2023
- Forest loss · Hansen Global Forest Change
Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA
CC-BY 4.0
2000–2025
- Deforestation front · Hansen Global Forest Change, read 10 km around the land
Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA; the front is TERRA's calculation
CC-BY 4.0
2001–2025
- Upstream watershed · the ground that drains to the land, traced from its terrain
AWS Terrain Tiles; Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA; ESA WorldCover; the basin and its figures are TERRA's calculation
Open (attribution); CC-BY 4.0
2001–2025
- Deforestation-free check · the forest of 31 December 2020 against the loss after it, inside the land
JRC (European Commission); Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA; the check is TERRA's calculation
CC-BY 4.0
31 Dec 2020 · 2025
- Canopy height · ETH Global Canopy Height
ETH Zurich (Lang et al.)
CC-BY 4.0
2020
- Above-ground biomass · ESA CCI Biomass
ESA Climate Change Initiative
Open (attribution)
2021
- Vegetation vigor · Sentinel-2 NDVI
ESA Copernicus via Element84 Earth Search
CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO (Copernicus)
live
- Land-surface temperature · Landsat C2 L2
USGS/NASA via Microsoft Planetary Computer
Public domain (USGS)
live
- Radar backscatter · Sentinel-1 RTC
ESA Copernicus via Microsoft Planetary Computer
CC-BY 4.0 (Copernicus)
live
- Security & governance · World Bank WGI
World Bank (Worldwide Governance Indicators)
CC-BY 4.0
annual
NASA open data
monthly
- Amazon deforestation · INPE DETER
INPE / TerraBrasilis
CC BY-SA 4.0
rolling
- Protected areas · WDPA / Protected Planet
UNEP-WCMC & IUCN
Protected Planet terms (attribution, non-commercial caveats)
monthly
- Human modification · Global Human Modification v3
Theobald et al. 2025, Conservation Science Partners
CC BY 4.0 (gHM v3, Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.14449495); CC BY-SA 4.0 (potential land cover, Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3631254)
2020 (human modification); 2017 (potential land cover)
- Underground fungal networks · SPUN Underground Atlas
SPUN · Society for the Protection of Underground Networks
CC BY 4.0 (SPUN data-grant terms, confirmed 2026-08-20) · cite both papers; SPUN acknowledgement required for academic use
2025 (v1.0)
- Ecological corridors · PNCB / SINAC (Costa Rica)
SINAC · Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos
Public programme (SINAC); reference compiled for screening
PNCB (rolling)
- Regional illness · dengue burden (Costa Rica)
OpenDengue (Clarke et al. 2024) / PAHO subnational record of Ministerio de Salud notifications; canton from geoBoundaries (CC0)
CC-BY 4.0 (OpenDengue)
2013–2018 (district) / 2024 (national)
- Costa Rica jurisdiction · geoBoundaries
geoBoundaries (William & Mary geoLab): cantons from Wikimedia Commons; provinces and districts from OpenStreetMap contributors
CC0 1.0 (cantons) / ODbL 1.0 (provinces, districts)
cantons 2020 / provinces and districts 2017
- Biomass · HGB Harmonized Global Biomass 2010
Spawn & Gibbs (ORNL DAAC), via Microsoft Planetary Computer
Open (ORNL DAAC · cite Spawn et al. 2020)
2010
- Siting · TERRA geometry on the AWS Terrarium DEM
Mapzen / AWS Open Data (elevation); TERRA (analysis)
Open (attribution)
2017 (DEM)
- Watershed · Global Watersheds (MERIT-Hydro)
mghydro.com (Heberger) / MERIT-Hydro (Yamazaki et al.)
Open service, no warranty; engine open source (delineator)
MERIT-Hydro 2019
- Population · WorldPop
WorldPop, University of Southampton
CC-BY 4.0
2020
- Hazard screening · ThinkHazard!
GFDRR / World Bank
GFDRR open (attribution)
division report (mixed vintages)
- Seismicity · USGS earthquake catalog
U.S. Geological Survey (FDSN event service)
US public domain (cite USGS)
live catalog
- Fire history · MODIS burned area
NASA MODIS MCD64A1 (via a bundled regional cutout)
NASA open data (cite LP DAAC)
cutout build date (see data/fire/PROVENANCE.json)
- Satellite signature · AlphaEarth Foundations
The AlphaEarth Foundations Satellite Embedding dataset is produced by Google and Google DeepMind.
CC-BY 4.0
2017 and 2025 annual layers
- Adaptation layer · OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap contributors (Overpass)
ODbL 1.0
live
- Infrastructure reach · OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap contributors (Overpass)
ODbL 1.0
live
- Heritage presence · public record
OpenStreetMap contributors (Overpass)
ODbL 1.0
live
- Place memory · Wikipedia
Wikipedia (es + en)
CC BY-SA 4.0 (titles/facts)
live
- Governance · public map record + Wikidata
OpenStreetMap/Nominatim; Wikidata (CC0); PNUD/UCR Atlas (CR HDI)
ODbL 1.0 / CC0 / PNUD-UCR publication (attribution)
live / Atlas data year 2022
- Indigenous territories · official record (Costa Rica)
FONAFIFO geoservices; decrees under Ley Indígena 6172
FONAFIFO public service (attribution); decree facts public law
decree delimitations (rolling)
- Land-cover history · MapBiomas Amazonía
RAISG / MapBiomas Amazonía
CC BY-SA 4.0 (cite MapBiomas Amazonía, Collection 6)
1986–2023
- Watershed · HydroSHEDS v2 river network
WWF / McGill University (Lehner et al. 2022, Eos 103, doi:10.1029/2022EO220167)
CC BY 4.0
v2.0 (July 2026)
- Collective territories · official registers (Colombia, Brazil)
Agencia Nacional de Tierras (Colombia): titled indigenous reserves and Afro-descendant collective titles; FUNAI (Brazil): indigenous lands
ANT: CC BY-SA 4.0; FUNAI: public register (cite FUNAI)
registers updated as acts are recorded (rolling)
- Protected areas · RUNAP (Colombia)
Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia
CC BY 4.0
rolling
- Annual clearing record · INPE PRODES (Brazil)
INPE / TerraBrasilis
CC BY-SA 4.0
2008–2025
- Forest history · JRC Tropical Moist Forest
European Commission Joint Research Centre
CC BY 4.0
1990–2025
- Forest in 2020 · JRC Global Forest Cover (EU reference map)
European Commission Joint Research Centre
CC BY 4.0
31 December 2020
03Reading the water · 5 more
AQUA reads a body of water with the sources above that apply to it, and these of its own.
- Water optics · Copernicus Sentinel-2
ESA / Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A via Element84 Earth Search (anonymous COGs)
Copernicus Sentinel data · free, full and open
live (latest clear scene, ≤ 120 days)
- Body & shore cover · ESA WorldCover
ESA / Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data
CC-BY 4.0 (commercial promotion: notify due@esa.int)
2021
- Water bodies, works & shore uses · OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap contributors
ODbL 1.0
live
- Basin · AWS Terrarium (Mapzen) with ETOPO1 bathymetry
Mapzen / AWS Open Data; NOAA ETOPO1 below sea level
Open (attribution)
2017 (ETOPO1: 2009)
- Surface temperature · Landsat Collection 2 Level-2
USGS / NASA via Microsoft Planetary Computer (anonymous SAS)
US public domain
live (≤ 365 days)
04Base maps
- Satellite base map
Powered by Esri · Esri, Vantor (Maxar), Earthstar Geographics, and the GIS User Community
Provider terms; credited on every map
- Night lights and today's Earth
NASA EOSDIS GIBS
NASA open data
- Tree-cover loss tiles
Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA, served by Global Forest Watch
CC-BY 4.0
05The lab
TERRA’s lab pages, such as a land’s record month by month, also draw on these.
- Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved.
- © ESA WorldCover project 2020 / Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2020) processed by ESA WorldCover consortium, CC-BY 4.0.
- Earthquakes from the U.S. Geological Survey catalogue, public domain.
- Landsat imagery courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey, public domain.
- Climate now and around 2050: CHELSA V2.1 (Karger et al. 2017, Scientific Data 4:170122; Karger et al. 2021, EnviDat, doi:10.16904/envidat.228), CC0 1.0. The future is SSP5-8.5, the mean of GFDL-ESM4, IPSL-CM6A-LR, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, MRI-ESM2-0 and UKESM1-0-LL.
- Place names from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0. Maps made with Natural Earth, public domain.
- The air over the land: fine particles hour by hour from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service global forecasts and analyses, served by Open-Meteo.com, CC BY 4.0. Generated using Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026; neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of it. Depth of the mixing layer and wind from Open-Meteo.com, CC BY 4.0. Public sensors from Sensor.Community, Open Database Licence; readings shown as each sensor reports.
- Bird recordings by iNaturalist observers, CC0 1.0 and CC BY 4.0; each recordist is credited beside the recording, with a link to the original. Bird species counts from GBIF.org, CC0 and CC BY 4.0 records only, accessed 6 October 2026.
06The score
The weights that turn these readings into the Dear Wise Earth Land Score are TERRA’s own and are not published. If you hold the rights to a source and see it described wrongly here, write to connect@dearwise.earth.
Questions: connect@dearwise.earth